Some 365 years ago this weekend, soldiers known as
“agitators” and their civilian supporters, sprang a political surprise of
historic proportions. They openly challenged the leaders of the New Model Army
about the future direction of the English Revolution.
Charles I, who had provoked a civil war against Parliament
which had gone on for five years, was the army’s prisoner. Oliver Cromwell was still
searching for a compromise with the king, whereby Charles would remain as a
figurehead, constitutional monarch.
The agitators, elected representatives to an Army Council,
wanted none of it. Influenced by a political organisation dubbed the Levellers
by their opponents, the rank and file demanded a republican constitution –
without the monarchy or the House of Lords.
And they set out their demands in what they called an Agreement
of the People and produced it like a rabbit out a hat at the Army Council
that opened in St Mary’s Church, Putney, on October 28, 1647. Dominating the Putney
debates, which went on until November 8, was the demand for the extension
of the franchise.
The Agreement also raised for the first time the question of
natural rights – those that come with being a human and not from the state. It
put at the top of the agenda the rule of law and the independence of the
judiciary. The Agreement suggested that power lay with the people and that
parliament was subordinate to them.
The Agreement spread like wildfire throughout the army. John
Lilburne, a leading Leveller also known as “freeborn” because he advocated
natural rights, inspired a second version which was due to go before Parliament
in January 1649. But this was overtaken by the decision to put Charles I on
trial for treason against his people. The king was executed at the end of
January. England
became a republic. Monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished.
Within a few months, Lilburne and his supporters were
themselves under arrest for treason. They published a third version of the
Agreement in May 1649, smuggling it out of the Tower. Within a few weeks, a
series of mutinies in the army saw many regiments adopt the Agreement and
denounce Cromwell. The mutiny was put down at Burford in Oxfordshire and the
Levellers crushed.
What can we learn from struggles and debates almost four
centuries old? Surely, it is that the breakdown of power and state relations
between classes is an opportunity to find new democratic solutions. The
Levellers showed that is possible to win support for a constitutional
settlement that is revolutionary and looks to a future that does not yet exist.
Also significant is the fact that a revolutionary political
settlement cannot be achieved through compromise. Although the Levellers did
not succeed, the revolution was required to establish the triumph of parliament
over absolute monarchy which, despite the restoration in 1660, remained the
case.
The English Revolution was made on behalf of an emerging new
capitalist class. The gentry, financiers and the big merchants held in check by
the crown’s control over the economy and politics. They did not engage in civil
war to share power with those below. Attempts by the Levellers to persuade
Cromwell, the Grandees and Parliament to adopt the Agreement were doomed to
failure.
Although the principles of the Agreement were eventually
implemented in the American and French revolutions (with the US constitution referring to “self-evident”
truths and “certain unalienable rights”) of the late 18th century and in Britain by
1867, the issues arise in a new way.
The representation the Levellers demanded has long been won.
But the power remains elusive and out of reach. The present state is
undemocratic and a pawn of corporate interests. An Agreement for our century is
needed that looks forward to a new page of democracy.
* The New Putney Debates
sponsored by Occupy London’s working groups are getting under way. Sunday’s
events are devoted to the English Revolution and features Caryl Churchill’s
play Light
Shining in Buckinghamshire about the civil war. And on November 17, an assembly will
be held in London
to work on an Agreement of the People for 2012.
Paul Feldman
Communications editor
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